Myths of Negotiation
| 迷思一:你的談判經驗極其欠缺。 |
| 倘若你認為只有參加「辜汪會談」、或與世界貿易組織(WTO)會員國從事入會前磋商,甚或與綁匪陳進興交涉釋放南非駐台武官才算談判,那麼毫無疑問地你的談判經驗確是極為欠缺。 |
| 迷思二:談判者志在贏得比對手更佳的談判成果。 |
| 談判者志在達成事先設定的目標,而非志在贏得比對手更佳的談判成果。當然,談判者可以將目標設定為「贏得比對手更佳的談判成果」。 |
| 迷思三:倘若談判對手提出的要求極不合理,則可預見的是:談判將徒勞無功。 |
| 首先,我們必須承認的是:對我們來說,談判對手提出的要求極不合理;但是對談判對手來說,他們卻認為未必不合理。同理,對我們來說,我們提出的要求未必不合理;但對談判對手來說,他們卻認為極不合理。這即是說,談判雙方(或各方)彼此間認定對手要求不合理,甚至極不合理,這是正常的現象,而不用感到意外,或因而大驚小怪。 |
| 迷思四:談判只不過是另一種型態的辯論。因此,只要你辯贏對手,你將成為贏家。 |
| 談判是說服,而非辯論。 |
| 迷思五:假如談判對手提及某事項絕無討價還價餘地,你的最佳舉措便是不要觸及該事項。 |
| 設若談判對手提及某事項絕無討價還價餘地,你果真就此罷手而不再觸及該事項,這樣做勢將誘使他們得寸進尺地提出所謂的無討價還價餘地的事項。 |
| 迷思六:面對一位難纏的談判對手,你最好是藉著某項低價值事物之讓步以展現你對他的親善。 |
| 跟迷思五類似,當談判對手展現難纏的作為,你就讓步,那麼你不就等於鼓勵他越來越難纏!? |
| 迷思七:適合億萬元買賣的談判手法,並不適合低價品的買賣。 |
| 在破解迷思一與迷思四的時候,我們曾經說過,談判無非是一種說服過程。無論是昂貴品的買賣還是廉價品的買賣,想獲致理想的結果,你都必須設法說服利害關係人接納你的意見。 |
| 迷思八:一旦你的談判準備工作做得週全─即全面檢討所有可能涉及的問題,以及全面評估對手所有可能採取的回應─你將不會被對手的提議所嚇倒。 |
| 談判前必須做妥準備。這雖然是常識,但人們卻經常誤以為,只要你做妥所謂的「萬全」準備,你將可高枕無憂。這種心態足以導致輕敵與自滿,而輕敵與自滿是談判的致命傷。 |
| 迷思九:假如談判對手無條件地做出讓步,你必須因而做出某種回應性的讓步。 |
| 假如談判對手有條件地做出讓步─亦即以你的讓步交換他的讓步─你也許可以考慮做出讓步。 |
| 迷思十:為了獲致最佳的買賣條件,你必須設法贏得談判對手的喜歡。 |
| 受談判對手所喜歡,對你來說是有益的,但並非必要的。不過,這並不表示你不要受喜歡。反而,受談判對手尊敬遠比受談判對手喜歡更加重要,因為受尊敬才能受尊重,受尊重才能施展影響力。 |
| 迷思十一:在談判過程中,你很容易變得情緒化。 |
| 一旦涉及利害,人們會變得情緒化。完全排除它是不可能的,但是切莫放縱它。你要試著將情緒控制在至少你能維持表面冷靜的範圍內。這即是說,即令你內心激動澎湃,但不能讓你喜怒哀樂的感受寫在臉上或展現在肢體動作上。倘若你連表面的冷靜都做不到,那麼你應立即找個藉口叫停。情緒化是導致談判破裂的致命傷之一。容易變得情緒化定然是有害於你,因此你務必要學習掌控自己的情緒。 |
| 迷思十二:在談判過程中,你必須使用理性的措辭,而非感性的措辭。 |
| 不要忘記你的談判對手是人,而不是組織、企業或機構。換句話說,你是在跟人進行談判,而不是在跟組織、企業或機構進行談判。 |
| 迷思十三:面對某一爭議事項,當談判對手在事實認定上犯了明顯的錯誤,你可以干擾他的發言。 |
| 既然是爭議事項,你怎能確信事實認定上的錯誤是他犯的而非你犯的?倘若你干擾他的發言並糾正他的「錯誤」,但最後發現犯錯的是你而不是他,那麼你將如何自處?你受尊敬與受喜歡的程度勢將驟減。 |
| 迷思十四:在談判過程中,你會自問自答。 |
| 除非你故意以「自問自答」做為傳達資訊的一種方法,否則這樣的作為是不足為訓的。你若自問自答,你將永遠無法了解對手的答案。對手的答案可能不同於你的想像,它甚至可能有利於你。 |
| 迷思十五:在談判過程中,你講的比聽的還多。 |
| 多聽比多講更有益處。你講得越少,才有機會聽得越多。聆聽對手的話,表示你對他的尊敬與讓步,這種尊敬與讓步對你而言,是毫無損失的。其次,由於聆聽對手的話,使你有機會透視對手的心態,而得以採取適切的因應措施。 |
| 迷思十六與迷思十七:在談判前的準備階段裏,你對對手的優點的關注程度,遠超過你對他的缺點的關注程度;在談判前的準備階段裏,你對自己的缺點的關注程度,遠超過你對自己的優點的關注程度。 |
| 俗語說:「知己知彼,百戰百勝。」在談判前的準備階段裏,對對手以及對自己的優缺點應有一番平實的審視,並採適切的對策。 |
| 迷思十八︰在談判過程中,你只關心事實之真相,而不設法了解對手之感受。 |
| 在迷思十二我們曾經提及,你是跟血肉之軀的人在談判,而不是跟組織企業或機構在談判,因此你不能只關心事實之真相,而不理會對手之感受。儘管感受可能偏離邏輯─亦即理性的抉擇─但是感受往往要比邏輯更加有力。 |
| 迷思十九︰在談判過程中,一旦你犯了錯誤,你並不立刻認錯。 |
| 沒有犯過錯的人,即是沒有做過事的人。因此,犯錯是正常的,也是合理的。談判前縝密的規劃與準備,有助於減少錯誤。但是百密也有一疏,你還是會犯錯,一旦你犯了錯,你的最佳舉措便是立刻認錯,原因有三︰第一、多數人都是講道理的。假如你犯了無心的錯,譬如說看錯數字、記錯日期、拿錯文件、張冠李戴等,只要你立即坦承地認錯,你通常會得到諒解的。第二、倘若你犯錯,卻不立即認錯,談判會在錯誤的基礎上運作下去。到最後,要嘛你的錯誤終於被發現,你的誠信及形象將遭到破壞,要嘛你對自己的錯誤隱瞞到底,而讓自己吃悶虧。第三、談判對手可能藉著你的錯誤來打擊你。面對這種打擊,你通常都無力招架。 |
| 迷思二十︰你常在同一時間向談判對手問好幾個問題。 |
| 發問是獲致答案的最直接與有效的方法,想獲致你所期盼的答案,你最好每次只問一個問題,因為這樣不但有助於對手專心答覆,而且也有助於你專心聆聽。 |
| 迷思二十一︰當你感到談判對手變的不耐煩,或顯示出比你更急躁時,你會設法加速談判的節奏。 |
| 每一個人的節奏都不相同,有的快、有的慢。刻意加快自己的節奏,常常會令自己思慮欠周詳,而無法處於最佳狀態。 |
| 迷思二十二︰在談判過程中,當你發現自己對某一事項並不了解時,你會刻意先將他擺下來,等待事後適當的時間再澄清,因為你不想讓對手認為你不如他聰明。 |
| 倘若你真的這模做,你將觸犯三種嚴重的錯誤。第一、你之所以與對手進行談判,是在於實現自己事先設定的目標,而不在於跟對手較量誰比較聰明。當「面子問題」成為你注意力的焦點,談判目標之達成將更形困難。第二、就你來說,你刻意將不了解的事項擺下來,留待事後再澄清,但就談判對手來說,他並不知道你對某些事項不了解,所以談判會繼續在正常的軌道上進行。一旦到了你要求對手澄清你不了解的事項時,不但談判會重回原點,而且很容易讓對手以為你反覆無常。第三、儘管你試圖在適當時間澄清你不了解的事項,可是你可能會忘記做必要的澄清,或是因為自尊心作祟你根本就不做出澄清,以致讓自己蒙受無謂的損失。 |
| 迷思二十三︰在你面對談判對手之前,你會先粗略地確定自己所要的東西,然後再因應談判之進展來調整自己的要求。 |
| 在你面對談判對手之前,你應明確的─而非粗略的─設定自己的目標,亦即你希望藉著談判獲致什麼樣的預期結果。明確的目標顯然比含糊籠統的目標更易於追求,因為明確的目標提供了集中注意力的焦點。 |
| 迷思二十四︰你會在談判中樹敵。 |
| 為了確保長期利益,談判者總是刻意的維護跟對手之間和諧與健康的人際關係。好的談判者極少在談判中樹敵,卓越的談判者絕對不會在談判中樹敵。 |
| 迷思二十五︰當談判對手滔滔不絕的講話時,你會因而感到厭煩。 |
| 面對一位以口代耳的談判對手,你應該感到高興,而不應該感到厭煩,因為它會在不經意間洩底,甚至做出讓步。面對這樣的對手,你的最佳策略便是仔細聆聽並全程作筆記,不要隨便打電他的話。 |
| 迷思二十六︰當你面對一位在職位上高過你的談判對手時,你會因而感到不自在。 |
| 「職位」是諸多充作人際對比的指標之一,而非唯一的指標,他也未必是最重要的指標。為什麼要因單一指標比不上人家,而感到不自在?為什麼不把其他指標再拿出來對比,以加強自己對自己的信心?他固然在職位上高過你,但他是否比你更健康?比你更幸福?比你更富有?比你更具有發展的潛力?比你得到更多的支持與肯定? |
| 迷思二十七︰你寧可取得無利可圖的訂單,而不願失去訂單。 |
| 個人利益與整體利益有時無法相容;短期利益與長期利益常常不一致。在這種情況下,任何取捨是否明智,則決定於立場與價值掛勾,因此失去訂單對他們的打擊往往要比取得無利可圖的訂單的打擊還大。這就難免令一般業務人員產生「寧可取得無利可圖的訂單,而不願失去訂單」的迷思。 |
| 迷思二十八︰在討價還價過程中,你會先從較難達成協議的問題切入,然後再移向較容易取得協議的問題。 |
| 在討價還價過程中,你應該先從較容易達成的協議的問題切入,然後再移向較難達成協議的問題。原因是︰較容易達成協議的問題一旦達成協議,不但足以營造良好的談判氣氛,而且可增進談判雙方﹙或各方﹚之信心與好感。這有利於促使後續較困難的問題之化解,倘若先從難達成協議的問題切入,將使談判陷入膠著狀態,甚至導致談判破裂。 |
| 迷思二十九︰談判高手對談判結果通常都感到不滿意。 |
| 若有這麼樣的一位談判者,他對談判結果都感到滿意,那麼他這樣的人將不夠資格被稱為談判高手。對談判結果都不會感到滿意的談判者,才有可能成為談判高手。 |
| 迷思三十︰為了表示尊重及贏得好感,你會以外國語言跟外國人談判,儘管你的外語能力不如你的本國語言能力。 |
| 除非你的外語能力好過你的本國語言能力,或是你的外語能力跟你的本國語言能力一樣好,否則以你不甚熟悉的外國語言跟操母語的外國人的談判,對你來說是不利的。這是因為你有可能不懂、誤解、甚或曲解對手的意思。 |
| 迷思三十一︰假定談判對手首度提出的要求,不但合理而且頗具吸引力,你會當場立即予以接納。 |
| 倘若你真的這麼做,你顯然令自己及談判對手均置身於不利的狀態。 |
| 迷思三十二︰你對不明朗的情境會感到不安。 |
| 任何談判均含不同程度的不明朗性,特別是在談判的出階段裡更是如此。倘若你不能將「不明朗性」視為理所當然的是理,以致感到不安、甚或焦慮,你將無法贏得良好的談判成果。 |
| 迷思三十三︰你有輕信別人的傾向。 |
| 在談判場合中充斥著許多善於欺騙、偽造、掩飾、行賄的談判者,倘若你有輕信別人的傾向,你將容易被生吞活剝。 |
| 迷思三十四︰你無法適應直接衝突的局面。 |
| 任何談判均含合作與衝突兩種成分。「親兄弟明算帳」這一句話足以顯示,即令親兄弟也不能自外於利害所導致的直接衝突。至於跟不具兄弟關係的談判對手之間的直接衝突,更是不言可喻。有些談判場合,衝突程度大;另些談判場合,衝突程度小。 |
| 迷思三十五︰在談判過程中,你不喜歡借重專家的意見。 |
| 卓越的談判者都有借重專家意見的習慣。這裡所謂的專家不但是指具備專業素養的人,而且還包括那些對談判有關事務了解的比你更透徹的人。 在談判的準備階段裡,借重專家的意見有助於你確保談判在正確的軌道上推動。不喜歡借重專家意見,等於拒絕外力的協助,這是不智之舉。 |
| 迷思三十六︰當談判對手對你做了多次詳盡的解釋之後,你還是無法了解他的意思,此時你將不好意思再告訴他你仍然無法了解他的意思。 |
| 許多談判者常常基於自尊或怕引起對手困擾,而不願意在對手做出多次解釋之後表明自己仍然不了解對手的意思。這對自己足以造成莫大的傷害,因為在自己不了解真相的狀態下所做的任何承諾或簽訂的任何協議通常都不利於自己。 |
| 迷思三十七︰你向來都以一成不變的方式面對所有的談判場合。 |
| 不論你曾經累積多少年的談判經驗,你都應該認知每一場談判都是獨一無二的。 |
Labels: Myths

14 Comments:
Student:Sandy Wu 9510017T
From this session, I figured out that there are many myths that we have in our mind. An obvious example is that I always thought that negotiation should be in “win-lose” notion, only if you win, you are a successful negotiator. Actually, I was wrong. Teachers told us that “win-win” notion is the real successful negotiation. The best notion is both of us find out a common result from the negotiation. What’s more, it’s my belief that only the rational languages could be used in this area. However, emotional language is as important as rational one. Sometimes, it can be critical during the negotiation.
After learning about this myth, I will try to adjust my mindset in my career. Nest time when I have experience of negotiating with other company, I won’t adhere to win the others, but try to get the result both of us could accept.
By
sandy, at 1:08 AM
Student:Lawrance Sun 9510007T
Originally,I still believe negotiation is win and lose.But, professor modified our mindset to establish our stereotype in negotiation.On an average,we usually interrupt other's talking.I think that's a main problem which bring about unecessary argument.professor Wang says,you can get something from talkig and know what they want.Don't forget to be an audience is a important part in negotiation.
After learning this course,I believe negotiation is life.I'll maintain a belief ,It's is "Win-Win"notion.No matter who I meet,I'll remember what professor Wang taught us and make a acceptable result.
By
Lawrance Sun, at 9:29 AM
This comment has been removed by the author.
By
wonderwan, at 12:39 AM
Dear Sandy,
1. It's good to hear you have developed some new and constructive cognition about "negotiation."
2. However, as I mentioned earlier, there are actually 2 kinds of negotiation in the real world:
a. collaborative negotiation
b. competitive negotiation
Win-win ending is the ultimate goal for us to pursue, while you still have to learn how to deal with the "competitive" situation.
3. "...find out a common ground through negotiation."
4. "Next time when I negotiate with ..."
5. "...I won't adhere to winning over the opponent, but trying to...
By
wonderwan, at 4:04 AM
Dear Lawrance,
1. Yes, win-win ending is exactly what we pursue in any negotiation case. Yet, when win-lose turns out, we still have to try everything possible to make "loser" believe he still wins in some other areas.
2. "Active listening" can be the first lessson we should learn before we get into negotiation.
But, you will find the difficulty comes to "how to make people talk more" in most cases.
3. "After learning this course,I believe negotiation is an inevitable and critical part in our life."
4. "But, professor hopes we change that stereotyped mindset on negotiation."
By
wonderwan, at 4:29 AM
To Christine (31T):
1. If you really want to negotiate with your boss on "not to be fired," I don't think the points you made on your short paper (note) are proper.
2. As I mentioned in the last class -- myths, you must have something superior to your boss, or needed by him or her. So, go and find them out, before you negotiate with him or her.
3. The above is to tell you that "gaining powers is usually the first thing to do before going to the negotiating table.
By
wonderwan, at 12:53 AM
To Chanel,
1. Your "reflection notes" are not bad, and they cover most key ideas in my presentaton on "the myths of negotiation."
2. However, I would also like to see your "personal ideas" about the myths of negotiation.
By
wonderwan, at 12:59 AM
To Hunter (001T):
1. "Active listening" is indeed the first step for effective negotiating -- or other referred to as "conflict management." But, you still have to learn how to communicate and present your points in a proper way at proper time during the process of negotiating.
2. No, in addition to your concentration on the "facts," you still have to watch the "emotion" and "body language" of your opponents -- especially when dealing with Arab people etc..
3. What do you mean by "you have to make your opponent"?
4. "SINCE WE WERE BEEN BORN" should have been :since we were born."
5. It may be difficult to change people's "belief," but you may change their "assumption," "expectation," "needs"...etc through effective negotiating skills and proper attitudes towards negotiation.
6. Pretty good reflections on the "myths of negotiation."
Wan
Your teacher
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wonderwan, at 4:15 AM
After this session, I have different idea of negotiation. Before this class, I think "win-lose" is the final situation, but teacher gave the real meaning of a excellent negotiator and myths of negotiation. Yes, many things in my life are negotiating. But it is not easy to have a "win-win" situation, I always try to win at last,and what I think is for myself, I ignore others feeling,so many fights are happened finally,and I get angry more and more easily. If I can learn some skills of negotiation,try to listen what others want to express,maybe I will become more happier, no matter on working or family.Then also can improve my emotion quality and relationship.
By
Unknown, at 2:08 AM
sorry,teacher,I forgot to write down my name,my name is kelly,and my school number is 9510024T.Thank you.
By
Unknown, at 2:10 AM
When i was a child . I always confront with my parents . so I'm also knew,when you want to strive for your interest.You must find strong point or reason.In fact no mateer in our dily life or on the job market of the job.we often encounterthe need and strive for the interests by ourself .in interpersonal relationships, if we have successful negotiation with superior or subordinate. We can get a promotion or raise salaries .Or strive for the due right .Hope to study the negotiation skill more in this course.
By
maggie, at 10:10 AM
Dear Kelly,
1. Nice to see your reflection on the "myths of negotiation."
2. It's usually true for almost everybody that we wish to "win" when we negotiate (argue) with people around us - either your family or your co-workers. However, only the smart people realize that having people feel they win is sometimes a shortcut for you to win in the case.
3. But, the question will come to "how to make people feel they win too." Think about it!
4. "...but teacher gave the real meaning of a excellent negotiator and myths of negotiation."
...BUT THE TEACHER TOLD US WHAT AN EXCELLENT NEGOTIATOR SHOULD BE AND THE MYTHS WE USUALLY HAVE ABOUT NEGOTIATION.
By
wonderwan, at 8:32 PM
Student: Julia 9510008T
From the last course, I think about some questions in my mind. At first, the progress of listening, when I can start to act. Sometimes we hope we can talk to others peaceful to achieve the object, but you know, someone just talked himself. Then, the most difficult problem for me is to face to the almighty. Finally, I don’t understand about the myths 23:don’t we establish our objective to such an extent that to start the negotiation, and in the progress of the negotiation, we adjust it into the “win-win”?
More important still is the fact that you mention about “negotiation is life”. Sometimes I have to negotiate with superintend, my college, even my customers, but I can’t judge it normally. I expect the course this week.
By
Unknown, at 11:57 PM
To Julia,
1. Setting up a objective is very important for conduting a negotiation. Because, during the process of negotiation, we may sometimes forget what we pursue and what the bottomline is -- we can get lost in the complicated and dynamic interaction of negotiation.
2. Usually, we should set up 3 layers of objective:
a. what we hope for
b. what we pursue
c. the bottomline
We will talk about them at a later session.
3. When facing the almighty, you first thing you should do is to build up your "power" and have it (them) perceived by him.
We will talk about it later.
4. Please use conjunctions properly when writing in English. (you may bring your writing to me during class break; I would show you where your problems are.)
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wonderwan, at 8:05 AM
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